Duignan v. United States

delivered the opinion of the Court.

The United States filed a bill in equity in the district court for southern New York, under § 22 of the National Prohibition Act, to abate a liquor nuisance alleged to be maintained by Duignan, the appellant, upon premises occupied by him under a lease. By amended bill, the appellee, the Pall Mall Realty Corporation, the owner of the leased premises, was made a party defendant. In its •answer, it admitted the allegations of the bill. By cross, bill it set up its ownership of the premises, its lease to Duignan, the maintenance of a liquor nuisance by him on the premises in violation of § 21 of the National Pro* *197 hibition Act, and asked that the lease be forfeited under § 23 of the Act. Appellant neither answered the cross bill nor directed any motion to it, but made application for a jury trial which was denied.

On the trial without a jury, appellant drew in question the constitutionality of the forfeiture of his leasehold as á denial of due process of law. After the trial, in which the existence of the nuisance was litigated, the district court decreed the forfeiture of the lease. This was affirmed by the court of appeals for the second circuit. 4 F. (2d) 983. The case is properly here on appeal, Jud. Code, § 241, before amended, and the petition for certiorari, filed as a jurisdictional precaution, is denied.

At the outset, appellant denies the jurisdiction of the district court to try, the issues raised by the cross bill, in the absence of-diversity of citizenship. Section 23 provides: “Any violation of this title upon any leased premises by the lessee or occupant thereof shall, at the option of the lessor, work a forfeiture of the lease.” The right thus given to-the lessor to forfeit the lease is one arising under a law of the United States, and the district court had jurisdiction to determine a suit founded upon it, regardless of the citizenship of the parties. Jud. Code, § 24 (a).

Numerous other questions are raised by appellant’s brief and argument, but so far as they are of substance, they are involved in or incidental to the two principal grounds urged for reversal: (1) that appellant was denied the right to a jury, trial, in violation of the Seventh Amendment of the Constitution, and (2) that the forfeiture of appellant’s lease is' a denial of due process of law.

So far as appellant’s motion for a jury trial was directed to the issues raised by the bill and answer, it was properly denied, as § 22 of the National Prohibition Act *198 authorizes the abatement of a liquor nuisance by a bill, in equity filed by the United States. Cf. Murphy v. United States, 272 U. S. 630. But it is urged that § 23, assuming its constitutionality, at most gives a right at law to á possessory action for the recovery of the Teased premises, which is hot cognizable in a court of equity; and in any cáse, appellant was entitled to have the issues raised by the cross bill-tried-by a jury.

Appellant’s application for a jury Was in terms a motion for an order “framing for trial by jury the issues in this actiori as to the occurrences of the alleged violations of the N atiorial -Prohibition Act.’-’ It clearly-appears from the notice of' motion and the supporting affidavits that the motion was not a challenge to the equity jurisdiction of the court nor a demand for a jury trial in an action at law, 'sü6h as is guaranteed by the Constitution. 'It was rather-an application addressed to the discretion of the court hitting in equity to frame issues for a jury to aid,- as stated, “ in advising -the cofirt as' to the credibility of the' witnesses,” and was made on the ground that this wás'“notthe usual equity case, which ordinarily involves only''matters of law.”

The right to a jury trial may be waived where there is an appearance arid participation in the trial without-demanding a jury. Kearney v. Case, 12 Wall. 275; Perego v. Dodge, 163 U. S. 160, 166. Section 649 of the Revised Statutes providés that issues of fact may be tried by the court without a jury, upon written stipulation of the parties, and that the finding of the court upon the facts shall have the. same effect as the verdict of the jury. But this section does not preclude other kinds of waiver. Kearney v. Case, supra. Its purpose and effect, when read together with §§ 648 and 700, is to define the scope of appellate review' in actions at law without, a jury. Unless there is a written stipulation waiving a jury, there can bé no review of the rulings on questions of law in *199 the course of the trial or of the sufficiency of a special finding to support the judgment. See Law v. United States, 266 U. S. 494, 496; cf. Fleischmann Co. v. United States, 270 U. S. 349, 355, 356. Appellant’s failure to demand a trial by a common law jury amounted, we think, to a waiver of the constitutional right, if any, now claimed.

But even if his application for ,a jury trial be regarded as an assertion of his constitutional right, there were no issues to be tried by a jury, as he had failed to answer the cross bill. The Confiscation Cases, 20 Wall. 92, 110. Hence, there wa.s no error in the court’s finding the facts supporting its judgment, without a jury. Whether issues raised by the pleadings in proceedings under § 23 must be tried by jury if seasonably demanded is a question which does not arise on this record.

Appellant on appeal for the first time challenged the equity jurisdiction of the court, urging that the remedy at law was adequate. The cancellation of appellant’s lease, which was the relief sought, was a remedy competent for equity to give. The repeated holdings of the lower courts that a suit brought under § 23 is one cognizable in equity, 1 at least suggest that the suit is not so plainly at law that the court should, of its own motion, have dismissed it. Under such circumstances, objection to the equity jurisdiction not seasonably taken is waived, Kilbowrn v. Sunderland, 130 U. S. 505, 514; Brown v. Lake Superior Iron Co., 134 U. S. 530, 534-536; Per ego v. Dodge, supra, 164, especially where, as here, appellant did not answer the cross bill. For the same reason it is unnecessary for us to determine whether appellee adopted the proper procedure in seeking the forfeiture of the lease by cross bill.

*200 We do not consider the constitutionality of the forfeiture under § 23. The court below in enumerating the questions raised and presented iftade no mention of the constitutional question. The assignment of errors below did not refer specifically to it as required by the rules of that court, and so far as the record discloses, it was not presented there. See. United States v. Gaffney, 10 F. (2d) 694, 696. This Court sits as a court of review. It is only in exceptional cases coming here from the federal courts that questions not pressed or passed upon below.are reviewed. See Montana Ry. Co. v. Warren, 137 U. S. 348, 351; Old Jordan Mining Co. v. Societe Anonyme Des Mines, 164 U. S. 261, 264, 265; Magruder v. Drury, 235 U. S. 106, 113; Gila Valley Ry. v. Hall, 232 U. S. 94, 98; Grant Bros v. United States, 232 U. S. 647, 660; Ana Maria Sugar Co. v. Quinones, 254 U. S. 245, 251; cf. West v. Rutledge Timber Co., 244 U. S. 90, 99, 100; United States v. Tennessee & Coosa R. R., 176 U. S. 242, 256.

Decree affirmed.